Fwd: [Edo - the EDOPEDIA -] jookamachi - castle town

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The following keywords are introduced below:

jookamachi 城下町 Jokamachi, castle town

koku, kokudaka 石/石高 unit of volume, rice bushels
- Nagasakiya　長崎屋

han 藩 feudal domaine, shoohan 小藩 small domaine

monzenmachi　門前町　"town in front of the gate" - of a temple or shrine

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jookamachi 城下町 Jokamachi, castle town
joukamachi 城下町



source :　www.rekihaku.ac.jp


- quote
Lit. town below the castle. A castle town.
A town's fortress was located as a rule in a mountain, while the accompanying settlement of farmers, craftsmen, and merchants was located in a lower location below the mountain. In the case of a medieval castle, the settlement was temporary and the market was held only periodically. Early joukamachi date back to the Kamakura, the Nanbokuchou and Muromachi periods.

In the Momoyama and early Edo periods as the castle structures became more durable, the attendant settlements became permanent, some eventually growing large and prosperous. The term joukamachi came to mean castle city, jouka tokai 城下都会. Castle towns were sometimes laid out to surround the castle. Sometimes the whole castle town was surrounded by a compound, or the castle town would be protected on three sides by water. Military and aristocratic residences, temples and shrines, and merchant residences commonly made up a castle town.

Each class of structure often was grouped together hierarchically within the overall town plan. Frequently, but not always, the town was laid out on a grid. The roads of a castle town were frequently quite narrow, turned and twisted around, sometimes doubling back and ending in dead ends, helping to defend the town against enemy attack.
source : JAANUS



. Edojoo, Edo joo 江戸城 Edo Castle .


Kanazawa


Jokamachi Chofu (castle town)
Chofu had been the centre of culture and politics from ancient times to medieval period, as it entered modern history, Moori Hidemoto built Gomangoku in Chofu-han, thus Jokamachi (castle town) was born.
Due to the feudal warrant in Genna period, the castle was abandoned. What left of it now is only stonewalls. You can find remains of samurai families housing in different sizes in the street layout today, it comes from the feudal period since Moori moved in, there is samurai-machi as you enter Yamate, as well as housing area for high ranking vassals. The remains of earthen walls today still display the richness of its history.
source : www.visit-jy.com


Yonago Castle Town 米子城下町
Situated at the Sea of Japan

under construction
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- - - - - H A I K U - - - - -

春や昔十五万石の城下町
haru ya mukashi juugomangoku no jookamachi

it's spring - in olden times
this castle town
of great riches
Tr. Gabi Greve

- or rather

it's spring - in olden times
this castle town
of onehundred fiftythousand KOKU
Tr. Gabi Greve


The richness of a domain in the Edo period was calculated in bushels or bags of tax rice (koku, -goku) and 150.000 barrels was not that much, but Shiki was proud of his hometown.
Nowadays the word "jookamachi" is often used with a lot of nostalgia for the good old times in the Edo period.
The castle of Matsuyama is right up on a large hill, overlooking the city and can bee seen from many small streets in the town.

. Masaoka Shiki 正岡子規 .



The koku, kokudaka (石/石高) is a Japanese unit of volume, equal to ten cubic shaku. In this definition, 3.5937 koku equal one cubic metre, i.e. 1 koku is approximately 278.3 litres. The koku was originally defined as a quantity of rice, historically defined as enough rice to feed one person for one year (one masu is enough rice to feed a person for one day).
A koku of rice weighs about 150 kilograms.
During the Edo period of Japanese history, each han (fiefdom) had an assessment of its wealth, and the koku was the unit of measurement.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !



Edo Hongokuchoo 江戸 本石町 Hongoku district in Edo
also called Gokuchoo 石町 Gokucho
now Nihonbashi . Kodenmachō 小伝馬町 Kodenmacho .
Since many rice dealers lived here, trading in KOKU of rice bushels gave rise to the name.
The district stretches from 1 to 4丁目
At the third 三丁目 Sanchome, there was the famous .
. toki no kane 時の鐘 The Bell to Tell the Time .

Here is the modern version in its memory:



Nagasakiya　長崎屋 Inn at Hongokucho (石町 Gokucho)
Ambassadors coming from Nagasaki for the Edo visit used to stay here and many doctors living nearby enjoyed to talk to the foreigners to increase their knowledge of the world outside Japan.
Herberge der Niederländer in Edo, "Dutch Inn"


Katsushika Hokusai

The owner, 長崎屋源右衛門 Nagasakiya Genemon was also a dealer of 薬種問屋 medicinal herbs.

Other lodgings for foreigners in Kokura and Osaka were named "Nagasakiya. In Kyoto the inn was named 海老屋　Ebiya.

. rangaku 蘭學 / 蘭学 "Dutch Learning" .


それでも江戸は鎖国だったのか ― オランダ宿 日本橋長崎屋
片桐 一男 Katagiri Kazuo
(Was Edo really a "closed country", with the Nagasakiya and the Dutch In?



鎖国と呼ばれた時代、江戸にオランダ人の定宿、長崎屋があった。将軍謁見に出府したカピタンの宿を、杉田玄白、平賀源内らが訪れ、そこは異文化交流のサロンであった。江戸は本当に鎖国だったのか。長崎屋の全貌を描く。
時は江戸時代、日本橋に長崎屋という一軒の宿屋がありました。ちょっと中をのぞいてみましょう。なんと泊まっているのは、帽子にマント姿、紅毛碧眼の異国の人々ではありませんか。実はこの長崎屋、将軍謁見のために長崎の出島から陸路をはるばる江戸まで旅したオランダ人の定宿だったのです。夜ともなればピアノの音色と異国の歌声の聞こえるこの宿を、今日も異国の文物に憧れた蘭学者や文化人、大名らが訪れます。彼らは異文化を体得することで蘭学の発展に貢献し、近代へと続く扉を開こうとしていたのです。 異文化交流サロンとして日蘭交流に貢献しながら、近世の終焉とともに姿を消してしまった、江戸の中の異国、長崎屋。250年にわたる存続に力を尽くした歴代主人たちの努力、そして宿に集う日蘭の群像を通して、「開かれていた、鎖国と呼ばれるトクガワ・ニッポン」の実態を鮮やかに描いた、著者渾身のライフワークです。


. sakoku 鎖国 "closed country" .

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漸寒や一万石の城下町
yaya samu ya ichimangoku no jookamachi

light cold in autumn -
this castle town
of ten thousand KOKU
Tr. Gabi Greve

. Takahama Kyoshi 高浜 虚子 .

I do not know where Kyoshi was when he wrote this.
There are quite a few "ichimangoku" in Japan.

For example Yasugi town in Tottori, former Hakuta Cho 伯太町.
鳥取県安来市
Look at some photos of this town:
source : kominkapro.com/bunka


. WKD : yaya samu 漸寒 a bit cold in autumn .
kigo for late autumn



The poem of Kyoshi is a typical example of a
. WKD : honkadori 本歌取り allusion to another poem .


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春日差し小藩なれど城下町
haru hizashi shoohan naredo jookamachi

sunshine in spring -
only a small domain and yet
a castle town

Ichimura Sumiko 市村須美子


- quote
The han (藩, han) or domain is the Japanese historical term for the estate of a warrior after the 12th century or to a daimyo in the Edo period and early Meiji period.
In Japan, a feudal domain was defined in terms of projected annual income. This was different than the feudalism of the West. For example, early Japanologists like Appert and Papinot made a point of highlighting the annual koku yields which were allocated for the Shimazu clan at Satsuma Domain since the 12th century.
In 1690, the richest han was the Kaga Domain with slightly over 1 million koku.
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !

see also kokudaka above.


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鬼城忌や俳人多き城下町
kijooki ya haijin ooki jookamachi

Kijo Memorial Day -
so many haiku poets
in the castle town

Furukawa Shimozuru 古川芋蔓


. Murakami Kijo 村上鬼城 .
and Takasaki town 高崎.

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夏みかん土塀に溢れ城下町
natsumikan dobei ni afure jookamachi

summer tangerines
overflowing the mud walls
of the castle town

Kitasato Senju 北里千寿

natsumikan are a speciality of the castle town of Hagi 萩, Yamaguchi.




. WKD : natsumikan, natsu mikan 夏蜜柑 summer mikan tangerines .
kigo for all summer


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お七夜の空荒れ通す城下町
o-shichiya no sora are-toosu jookamachi

Kishikawa Soryuushi 岸川素粒子 -

oshichiya, o-shichi ya 御七夜（おしちや） "seven nights"
in memory of Saint Shinran


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樗牛忌の雪が降るなり城下町
kagyuu ki no yuki furu nari jookamachi

Satoo Ryuushoo 佐藤柳湖 Sato Ryusho

. Kooda Rohan, 幸田露伴 Koda Rohan .
He lived in Kagyu-An 蝸牛庵 "snail cottage". - Kagyuuki 蝸牛忌 "Memorial Day for the Snail"


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城下町どこも坂なす星月夜 松本夜詩夫
城下町は夏の雨ふるいちにちお城の山 涓滴不喚洞
城下町小春の小鳥鳴きにけり 吉武月二郎句集
城下町抜け金魚田の広ごれり 瀧川雅子
城下町瓦光りて夏めきぬ 宮口 征子
城下町眼鏡に梅を映す人 川崎展宏
城下町茶房も遺跡花ミモザ 嶋田摩耶子

かはほりや古地図のままの城下町 内田裕夫
すぐ曲り曲る薄暑の城下町 徳澤南風子
よしきりのこだまをりをり城下町 長谷川双魚
マラソンが見ゆ青梅雨の城下町 柴田白葉女
凌霄や家うち暗き城下町 風間和雄
初日浴ぶレールきらきら城下町 豊田晃

早梅や碧虚を生みし城下町 星野 椿 Hoshino Tsubaki
春がすみ城下町が坐つている 中塚銀太
朝顔が駅のシンボル城下町 玉置浩子
水打てば御城下町の匂かな 芥川龍之介

片影に地震の水槽城下町 西本一都
白炎となる八月の城下町 柴田白葉女
竹伐りて里山せまる城下町 鈴木雅子
羽目板を反らす秋日の城下町 鍵和田[ゆう]子
腐れ鮓近江に古き城下町 田中冬二 俳句拾遺
金魚田の水にゆらぎし城下町 野中亮介
門松も根曳きのままに城下町 蓼汀
雪残りつつ水ぬるむ城下町 杞陽
鮎落ちて山迫りくる城下町 岡山か寿子
鰍釣り舟の出て行く城下町 天野 菊枝
鳥雲に水うつくしき城下町 山崎中
鴨食べる聖夜のくらき城下町 岩淵喜代子
source :　HAIKUreikuDB


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monzenmachi　門前町　"town in front of the gate"
of a temple or shrine
They were especially prosperous with pilgrims during the Edo period.

- quote
Also pronunced monzenchoo.
A settlement in front of the main gate of a temple (or *torii 鳥居 of a shrine), principally engaged in catering to the needs of pilgrims and visitors. Generally a linear settlement made up of houses, inns, hatago 旅籠, and shops mostly selling food and drink or local products on both sides of the approach road to the temple or shrine. Such settlements may often have derived from a market, ichiba 市場, held before the gates of a major sanctuary in the latter part of the ancient period and the mediaeval period.

As specifically pilgrim-oriented townships, they had begun to emerge by the end of the Kamakura period, but they developed enormously in the Edo period, when peaceful conditions and prosperity, combined with a tolerant attitude towards them on the part of the Tokugawa regime, made pilgrimages increasingly popular.

Examples include the monzenmachi before the gates of Zenkouji 善光寺 Zenko-Ji in Nagano prefecture and Kotohira 琴平, before the shrine of Kompira 金毘羅 in Kagawa prefecture.
The term is sometimes applied more widely to religious settlements in general.
source : JAANUS




With a map of the most famous monzenmachi in Japan
source : kanko/monzen


門前や何万石の遠がすみ
monzen ya nan man goku no toogasumi

this temple town -
how many thousand bushels
of far-away mist?

. Kobayashi Issa 小林一茶 in Edo .





暦売る門前町の古本屋
koyomi uru monzenmachi no furu honya

the used bookstore
of the temple town
sells calendars

Tsuchiya Kyooko 土屋孝子 Tsuchiya Kyoko

. WKD : hatsugoyomi 初暦 "first calendar" .
kigo for the New Year

. koyomi uri, koyomi-uri　暦売り vendor of new calendars .

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山積に門前町のアロハシャツ
yamazumi ni monzenmachi no aroha shatsu

piling up
in the temple town -
these aloha shirts

Suzuki Ryooka 鈴木良戈 Suzuki Ryoka



. WKD : aroha shatsu アロハシャツ aloha shirt .
kigo for summer



ひた洗ふ門前町のキムチ甕 文挟夫佐恵
初不動門前町の鰻の香 片山桃弓
解夏の僧門前町を列なせり 坂本静子
雪吊の門前町に赤子抱く 大峯あきら



. mon, kado 　門 gate .


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. machi, choo 　町 town and village 　 .


. Japanese Architecture - cultural keywords used in haiku .


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--
Posted By Gabi Greve to Edo - the EDOPEDIA - on 10/02/2013 09:41:00 am

Fwd: [Gokuraku - Jigoku ] Amanojaku Legends

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. Onipedia - 鬼ペディア　- Oni Demons - ABC-List - .
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Amanojaku 天の邪鬼 / 天邪鬼 Legends - Amanjaku - "heavenly evil spirit "
- 天探女（あまのじゃく） - Amanosagume / 天探女（あめのさぐめ）/ 天佐具売 Amenosagume



Amanjaku no hoshitori あまんじゃくの星とり
Amanjaku tries to grab the stars from the sky.

He collects all the boulders and even grave stones in the area of Mimasaka to built a high tower to reach up there . . . but ooohhh . . . just when he is about to grab the first star the boulders give way and fall to the ground . . . where they still are lying around in a phantastic formation.



Amanjaku no Kasane-Iwa in Ohaga 大垪和の「天の邪鬼の重ね岩」
rock formation in Ohaga

. 大垪和の天の邪鬼伝説　-Amanjaku Legend of Ohaga, Okayama .
- Introduction -

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. Jaki　邪鬼の伝説　"Evil Spirit" Legends .

. Tsugaru no oniko, oni-ko 津軽の鬼子 .
Oniko means a demon in Tsugaru dialect.
Oniko, enshrined on top of a Torii gate, is worshipped in about 30 shrines over 7 cities and towns in northwest Tsugaru County.


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Amanojaku is a small demon-like creature who can provoke a person's deepest and darkest desires, instigating him to do evil deeds.
In the fairytale "Urikohime"　瓜子姫, a girl born from a gourd was raised by an elderly couple, sheltering her from evil. One day she let Amanojaku inside the house and he killed her, using her skin to impersonate her.




............................................................................ Aomori　青森県

Urikohime 瓜子姫 / Urihimeko 瓜姫子

アマノサグ Amanosagu from Aomori
tells the story of Urihime 瓜姫子 from 五戸町 Gonohe Town.
. . . The Amanojaku impersonating the Girl was to be wed. At the Wedding Party the "Girl" ate all the food and was thrown out of the house as a bakayome 馬鹿嫁 useless, dumb bride.



- reference -

. Legends about Plants　植物と伝説　shokubutsu to densetsu .

............................................................................ Ishikawa 石川県

ある日、婆ちゃんが川上から流れてきた瓜を拾って帰った瓜の中に姫がいた。瓜姫小女郎と名づけられた姫が機織をしていると、天の邪鬼がやってきて姫を連れ出し、木につるして自分が姫に化けた。天からの迎えが来たときに、正体が天の邪鬼であることがわかり、天車を持ってきた人は天の邪鬼をひきずり落として踏み殺し、本物の姫を乗せていった。

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The amanojaku is commonly held to be derived from
Amanosagume (天探女), a wicked deity in Shintō myth, which shares the amanojaku's contrary nature and ability to see into a person's heart, "a very perverted demon".

The creature has also entered Buddhist thought, perhaps via syncretism with the yasha, where it is considered an opponent of Buddhist teachings. It is commonly depicted as being trampled on and subdued into righteousness by Bishamonten or one of the other Shitennō.
In this context it is also called a jaki (邪鬼).
©　More in the WIKIPEDIA !


天探女（あめのさぐめ）は、天稚彦に仕えるような描写で日本神話に登場する女神。天佐具売にも作る（『古事記』）。天邪鬼（あまのじゃく）の原像とされる。
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !


- quote -
Amenosagume
A vassal kami to Amewakahiko. In order to question Amewakahiko regarding his delayed return to Heaven, Amaterasu and Takamimusuhi sent a pheasant as observer and messenger. Amenosagume saw the pheasant observing Amewakahiko from a tree outside the gate, and thinking its cry an evil omen, urged Amewakahiko to shoot the bird. Amewakahiko shot the pheasant with an arrow he had received from the heavenly kami (amatsukami), but he was himself killed as the arrow fell back to earth.

The term sagume means a fortune-teller, and it has been said that the demonic Buddhist figures "Amanojaku" derive from the name of this kami. An "alternate writing" quoted in Nihongi describes Amenosagume as an "earthly deity" (kunitsukami).
- source : Kokugakuin, Mori Mizue, 2005 -

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Amanojaku at temple Gansenji, Kyoto

岩船寺の三重の塔を支える天邪鬼



amanojaku no mayoke no o-mamori 天邪鬼の魔除のお守り
amulet with Amanojaku




Temple Gansenji 岩船寺 Gansen-Ji - 京都府木津川市加茂町岩船上ノ門４３


. O-Mamori お守り　Amulets and Talismans .


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............................................................................ Hyogo 兵庫県

Amanojaku no Chikaramizu 天邪鬼の力水 Power-giving water
Hyogo prefecture, 笠形山　（龍ヶ滝～あまのじゃく)



- reference -

.
muen ムエン - kawasemi カワセミ
ムエンとはカワセミの事で別名ドジョウホリとも言う。前世は、綺麗だが天邪鬼で反対の事ばかりする娘だった。父親はわざと「死んだら山に埋めず川に流してくれ」と遺言する。娘は遺言通りにした後父の真意を知って後悔し、今も川の上を飛び、地に深い穴を掘る。

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CLICK for more photos !


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Amanojaku Yokai by Matthew Meyer
Amanojaku are a fun yokai because they are so downright nasty. I mean, there are so many kinds of yokai which are nasty to a point, but the amanojaku is so evil and so unpleasant that they rival tengu and oni for all-time villains of Japanese lore. They kind of remind me of gremlins or goblins, in that they are nasty, wicked, and yet in a way somewhat weak and pathetic.

It's not terribly rare to see Buddhist statues in Japan of a great god stamping on demons, using them as a pedestal. Those are usually representations of Bishamonten—chief of the four heavenly kings and a sort of god of war in Japanese Buddhism. As the amanojaku are symbols of pure evil, he is depicted as crushing and defeating them, in true warrior-king fashion. It's enough to make you feel a bit sorry for them, as they are rather small and pathetic under his boot… but when you read the stories about how nasty they are, that pathetic facade quickly fades away!
- source : matthewmeyer.net/blog -


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There are some legends where Amanojaku imitates the call of a rooster as a sign of morning and his opponent was deceived in thinking his time was up.

............................................................................ Gifu 岐阜県
上宝村 Kamitakaramura, 双六 Sugoroku

Kobo Daishi 弘法大師 and Zaimoku-Iwa 材木岩 - Timber Rocks

Once Kobo Daishi came to Sugoroku village. He made a bet with the local Amanojaku that he would build a temple hall in one night. But the Amanojaku imitated the call of a rooster as a sign of morning and Kobo Daishi was deceived in thinking his time was up.
Kobo Daishi got so angry that he turned all the wood for the temple hall into stones and boulders. This is the origin of natural stone formation, looking like pieces of wood :



Zaimoku-Ishi 材木石 / Zaimoku-Iwa 材木岩 - Timber Rocks

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岩波橋 Iwanamibashi and Amanojaki 天の邪気 （あまのじゃき）

At 双六の岩波橋 the bridge Iwanamibashi at Sugoroku there is a rock formation looking like a game board for the game Sugoroku ( 双六の盤).
Once some Amanojaku collected rocks from a mountain in the West to make a board to play Sugoroku. The one who lost the game got angry and threw the bord far away, where it hit a stone cliff, dissolved into many small stones and is still now at the side of the river, called 賽の淵 Sai no Fuchi.
This is the origin of the name of this small village, Sugoroku.


. sugoroku 双六 Sugoroku board game .

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天邪鬼と天人 Amanojaku to Tenjin (Tennin)

This is another version of the above, where Amanojaku and Tenjin played a game of Sugoroku. When Amanojaku cheated to win, Tenjin got angry and threw the board away. The dice they had used became the stone formation Sai ga Fuchi サイが渕 (same as the Sai no Fuchi above).
Once a gropu of professional gamblers made fun of this story and peed on the rocks.
Suddenly the weather turned wild, it began to snow and all the crops of the year were lost.
The gamblers were arrested, tortured and finally died of mental disorders.

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source :　hirajin.com/gallery

天邪鬼面 Masks of Amanojaku from Gifu


............................................................................ Kagoshima 鹿児島県
志布志市 Shibushi

Otohime 乙媛様 Princess Otohime, "Sound Princess"

If people stay over night at the island 枇榔島 Birojima, they can hear a sound like music at night. It sounds like someone playing the 琵琶 biwa lute, singing very noisily as if rocks were falling down. The trees of the island seem to groan in rythm with the noise.

The daugher of the Emperor 天智天皇 Tenji Tenno (626 - 671) was called "Otohime" and legend knows that she made this island in one night. The bad things happening there are all her deeds. She had been made to float in the sea but created this island to live on. Then she tried to build a stone path to the mainland in one night.
But an Amanojaku imitated the call of a rooster as a sign of morning and spoiled her road building.
To our day there seems to be a path of rocks leading from the island toward the main land.


............................................................................ Nagano 長野県
木曽郡 Kiso district 上松町

天の邪鬼が大きな山を背負って夜中に上松の小脇まで来た。ところがそこで朝になってしまったので、そこに背負っていた山を置いて、奥山へ飛び上がっていた。その山が、小脇にある丸山だという。


............................................................................ Nagasaki 長崎県

あまんしゃぐめ Amanjagume
あまんじゃくめが朝までにけぇまぎ崎を築いたら人間を皆喰うといったところ、たつたの番匠が鶏のまねをした。
.
gaataro がぁたろ a kappa and あまんしゃぐめ
あまんじゃくめとたつたの番匠が橋の渡しあいをした。たつたの番匠は３０００人の藁人形を作り、使役した。あまんじゃくめは鶏の鳴きまねをして、中止になった。人形は捨てられがぁたろになった。
.
昔、田畑の出来はよく、稲は刈らなくても手招きをすれば寄ってきて自然に取り入れが出来た。けれどもあまんじゃくめが、稲・麦・黍・もろこしを根からすごきあげたので、実は上にだけ残った。大豆だけは手が痛かったのですごけなかった。
.
昔、あまんじゃくめが草の種を袋に入れて、百姓の困るように田畑へ蒔いて歩いた。ところが新城の辺で種をうちかえしたので、あの辺りは田畑に草が多い。



............................................................................ Tottori 鳥取県
中山町 Nakayama

お婆さんが川で洗濯をしていると瓜が流れてきたので拾って帰った。すると瓜の中から女の子が生まれ、瓜姫と名づけて育てるが、天邪鬼が悪さをして瓜姫になりかわってしまう。瓜姫が花嫁さんになるときに、鳥の知らせでそれがばれる。

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気高郡 Ketaka district 末恒村

あまんじゃく Amanjaku
.
あまのじゃくがモッコに一荷土を運んで来たが、モッコの緒が切れて土がこぼれたので、そのままにして逃げた。それが大路山と雲山にある山にある。
.
昔御熊の神様が真崎の鼻から隠岐国まで石材で、一夜のうちに橋を架けようとしていたところ、沖の島の沖合まできた所で、鶏が羽ばたきをして鳴いた。仕方ないので仕事を打ち切ったが、それはあまのじゃくの仕業であった。その罪で、あまのじゃくは沖の島の上に石と化した。あまのじゃく岩という。

............................................................................ Toyama 富山県
魚津市 Uozu town

庚申が出てきたとき、世の中に悪者がたくさんいたためそれを退治した。またに挟んでいるのは天の邪鬼という悪者であり、それが人間を食べるので動けないように挟んでいるのである。

............................................................................ Wakayama 和歌山県

Hashigui-iwa　橋杭岩 Hashigui Rocks "Bridge Post Rocks"
- quote -
Hashigui Rocks are 40 large and small rocks extending across the sea 850 m from Hashigui, Kushimoto-cho to Oshima Island.
Legend has it that once upon a time Kobo Daishi Kukai laid a wager with Amanojaku (heavenly evil spirit) if he could build a bridge to Oshima Island before dawn. Seeing that Kukai would win, Amanojaku cheated Kukai by mimicking a rooster call. Hearing this, Kukai thought the day broke and gave up completing the bridge. Consequently only the posts remained.



At low tide, the path to Benten Island in the middle of the way appears, which amuses tourists. The rocks are located in Yoshino-Kumano National Park. Hashigui Rocks are designated as a national Natural Treasure and selected as one of Japan's 100 Fine Sunrise Spots.
- source : nippon-kichi.jp -


............................................................................ Yamagata 山形県
東田川郡 Higashitagawa

Kobo Daishi 弘法大師 and Amanojaku

Once Kobo Daishi walked along the river Mogamigawa 最上川 when a leaf of the butterbur 蕗の葉 came floating downriver, shining all the way.

When he took a closer look, he saw 大日如来の梵字 the Sanskrit letters for Dainichi Nyorai in the leaf. Another leaf followed and then one more and one more . . . There must be something special upstream, he thought and climbed higher. When he came to the pool below the Waterfall of Yudonoyama, an Amanjaku tried to pick up the Sanskrit letters floating down the waterfall and wrapping them into leaves of the butterbur.
Kobo Daishi banned this Amanojaku to the top of 仙人岳 Mount Senningatake.


CLICK for more photos !

湯殿山の滝壷 the pool below the Waterfall of Yudonoyama

. Dainichi Nyorai 大日如来 .

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上山市 Kaminoyama

At the top of Mount Sarukurayama 猿倉山 there are a lot of boulders.
Once there were many monkeys, collecting boulders to make a store house (kura 倉) - says one legend.


source :　blog.goo.ne.jp/tokiba65


- Another legend knows this:
Once upon a time
The deities wanted to build a mountain temple in one night. But then the Amanojaku imitated the call of a rooster as a sign of morning and the deities were deceived in thinking their time was up.
The stones from their attempt are still lying there.

.......................................................................
東田川郡 Higashi Tagawa district

Kobo Daish walkind up Mogamigawa
弘法大師が最上川のほとりを歩いていると、川上から蕗の葉が流れてきて、その下から光が差していた。杖で葉をかき分けると大日如来の梵字が現れた。次から次へと流れてくる葉が皆そうなので、川上に大日如来がいるに違いないと川を上ると、湯殿山の滝壷で天邪鬼が滝壷に浮かんでくる梵字を隠そうと蕗の葉をかぶせていたので、弘法大師は天邪鬼を仙人岳に封じた。


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. tansu 箪笥 / 簞笥 -- たんす chest of drawers, Kommode .

福島県 Fukushima - Amanojaku アマノジャク

地蔵様は、嫁に来手の無い小男の庄太のことを心配し、良縁をまとめてやった。嫁入りの夜、地蔵は輩下の貉を挑発し、川に橋をかけて箪笥と長持ちを渡そうとしたが、アマノジャクのせいで橋は完成しなかった。

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- source : 妖怪　データベース　yokai database - reference -



. Kobo Daishi, Kukai 弘法大師　空海 - . (774-835) .

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CLICK for more photos !


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岡山県. 美作のあまんじゃく Okayama, Mimasaka - More tales of Amanojaku tba
長崎県. 壱岐のあまんしゃぐめ - Nagasaki, Iki island
- source :　manga nihon mukashibanashi -

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- - - - - H A I K U - - - - -

天の邪鬼　春の日差しに　悪さなし Amanojaku haru no hisashi ni warusa nashi you can't do harm in the spring sunshine - pretty monsterlin

- Gabi Greve, Okayama

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天の邪鬼夜半の風鈴玩ぶ

天の邪鬼雁がねのこゑ倣ふらし

相生垣瓜人 Aioigaki Kajin (1898 - 1985)

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あたたかや身より離るる天邪鬼
希伊子

口開かぬ浅蜊ごときは天の邪鬼
北見さとる

天邪鬼にいちばん見えて蝉の穴
吉田紫乃

天邪鬼の口の中まで黴びたまふ
佐藤浩子

天邪鬼を以て任じて暑に対す
下村梅子

山焼かれ行きどころなき天邪鬼
丸山嵐人

日没の稲架をゆさぶる天邪鬼
市原光子

春暁の腹やはらかな天邪鬼
高室有子

父の日や生れついての天邪鬼
三宅郷子

蝶生まれ心さわぎの天の邪鬼
鍵和田[ゆう]子

裸では寒い秋雨天邪鬼
川崎展宏

雑木山ひとつてのひらの天邪鬼
金子皆子

鵙ないて天邪鬼ゐる山の寺
近藤紀代女

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. Japanese Legends - 伝説　民話　昔話 – ABC-List .

. Onipedia - 鬼ペディア　- Oni Demons - ABC-List - .


. Japan - Shrines and Temples - ABC .


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Posted By Gabi Greve to Gokuraku - Jigoku on 6/16/2015 03:25:00 pm

EDO - Hongoku district - Nagasakiya

https://edoflourishing.blogspot.jp/2013/10/jookamachi-castle-town.html

Edo Hongokuchoo 江戸 本石町 Hongoku district in Edo

also called Gokuchoo 石町 Gokucho
now Nihonbashi . Kodenmachō 小伝馬町 Kodenmacho .
Since many rice dealers lived here, trading in KOKU of rice bushels gave rise to the name.
The district stretches from 1 to 4丁目
At the third 三丁目 Sanchome, there was the famous .
. toki no kane 時の鐘 The Bell to Tell the Time .

Here is the modern version in its memory:



Nagasakiya　長崎屋 Inn at Hongokucho (石町 Gokucho)
Ambassadors coming from Nagasaki for the Edo visit used to stay here and many doctors living nearby enjoyed to talk to the foreigners to increase their knowledge of the world outside Japan.
Herberge der Niederländer in Edo, "Dutch Inn"


Katsushika Hokusai

The owner, 長崎屋源右衛門 Nagasakiya Genemon was also a dealer of 薬種問屋 medicinal herbs.

. rangaku 蘭學 / 蘭学 "Dutch Learning" .


それでも江戸は鎖国だったのか ― オランダ宿 日本橋長崎屋
片桐 一男 Katagiri Kazuo
(Was Edo really a "closed country", with the Nagasakiya and the Dutch In?



鎖国と呼ばれた時代、江戸にオランダ人の定宿、長崎屋があった。将軍謁見に出府したカピタンの宿を、杉田玄白、平賀源内らが訪れ、そこは異文化交流のサロンであった。江戸は本当に鎖国だったのか。長崎屋の全貌を描く。
時は江戸時代、日本橋に長崎屋という一軒の宿屋がありました。ちょっと中をのぞいてみましょう。なんと泊まっているのは、帽子にマント姿、紅毛碧眼の異国の人々ではありませんか。実はこの長崎屋、将軍謁見のために長崎の出島から陸路をはるばる江戸まで旅したオランダ人の定宿だったのです。夜ともなればピアノの音色と異国の歌声の聞こえるこの宿を、今日も異国の文物に憧れた蘭学者や文化人、大名らが訪れます。彼らは異文化を体得することで蘭学の発展に貢献し、近代へと続く扉を開こうとしていたのです。 異文化交流サロンとして日蘭交流に貢献しながら、近世の終焉とともに姿を消してしまった、江戸の中の異国、長崎屋。250年にわたる存続に力を尽くした歴代主人たちの努力、そして宿に集う日蘭の群像を通して、「開かれていた、鎖国と呼ばれるトクガワ・ニッポン」の実態を鮮やかに描いた、著者渾身のライフワークです。


. sakoku 鎖国 "closed country" .

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HAIKU - Buson old sandals

https://kappapedia.blogspot.jp/2015/01/haiku-about-yokai.html

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tsukumogami 付喪神 Yokai of old household items

. Yosa Buson　与謝蕪村 .

古池に草履沈みてみぞれかな
furu-ike ni zoori shizumite mizore kana

In an old pond
a straw sandal half sunken --
wet snow!
Tr. Shiffert


Straw sandal
half sunk in an old pond
in the sleety snow. 　
Tr. Robert Hass


bake-zoori 化け草履　Yokai sandals

Buson was quite fond of 付喪神 Tsukumogami.
Someone had cast away the old sandal and the sleet gave the atmosphere of loneliness, even remembering Basho in the first line.

The cut marker KANA is at the end of line 3.

. tsukumogami 付喪神 - Introduction .

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ONI - kijin human demon legends

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. Onipedia - 鬼ペディア　- Oni Demons - ABC-List - .
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kijin - onibito オニビト / 鬼人と伝説　"human demon" Legends

. kishin, kijin, onigami 鬼神の伝説　Oni Deity Demon Legends .
kijin, when referring to a living human demon, can be written with the Chinese characters: 鬼人

Not to mix with
kijin 奇人 remarkable people, very special people



. Kijin no O-Matsu 鬼神のお松 The female bandit O-Matsu .
Kasamatsu tooge kijin, Kasamatsu Tōge kijin 笠松峠鬼人 Kijin from Kasamatsu pass

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. Japanese Legends - 伝説　民話　昔話 – ABC-List .

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福島県 Fukushima 東白川郡 Higashishirakawa district 塙町 Hanawa

Yamizosan no kijin 八溝山の鬼人 the Human Demon from Mount Yamizo
Once upon a time, Sakanoue no Tamuramaro came to Mound Yamizosan and drove away a human demon.

. Sakanoue no Tamuramaro 坂上田村麻呂 . - (758 - 811)

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. 山本不動尊 - Yamamoto Fudo Son .
Founded in 807 when Kobo Daishi passed here and held a ceremony to appease the demons of the Yamizo mountains 八溝山

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岐阜県 Gifu 郡上郡 Gujo district

yooki 妖鬼 Yoki - Yokai Demon
今から九百年程前、村上天皇の頃、瓢ヶ岳の岩窟に妖鬼が山砦を築いて土地の民を悩ませた。鬼人の退治を命じられた九条関白藤原氏の八男右少将正三位藤原高光請卿は多くの部下を連れてこの地に来られた。鬼人は妖術に長じ変幻出没自在で手強く大牛、雉、十二ヶの瓢の化身となって現れ、矢に打たれて消えた。高光は神に祈ってようやく鬼人を仕留め、神の使いの鰻を川に放った。以来、粥川の鰻を食べると神罰を受けるという。


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北海道 Hokkaido 函館市 Hakodate

幕末に非凡な才能を持つ某のつくった大江山の酒顛童子の山車は青鬼や赤鬼を設えた奇怪な作品であった。そのとき、心中したが生き残った女が男の妄念に取り憑かれた。しかし、その鬼人形を外へ置くと亡霊は出なくなった。

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茨城県 Ibaraki 久慈郡 Kushi district 大子町 Daigo

山の洞穴の大蛇がさまざまに変化して人を惑わすので、朝廷が須藤貞信に退治を命じた。大蛇の口に向けて放った神矢が命中し、大蛇は転げ落ちて息絶えた。その死体が腐って油が出て沢に流れた。この沢を腐れ沢と呼ぶ。

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岩手県 Iwate

In 陸中国 the old province of Rikuchu if a 雉 pheasant got very old, he turned into a Kijin.
And if a pheasant flies in the night, there will be a shining light.

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長野県 Nagano 東筑摩郡 明科町

Momiji Onibito もみじ鬼人 and Hachimen Daio 八面大王
Once there lived a Demon couple, but they always fought with each other.
When Sakanoue no Tamuramaro came along, He killed the Demon husband, Hachimen Daio. When he tried to kill the Demon wife, Momiji Onibito, he could almost not do it and only his third arrow hit the target.


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奈良県 Nara 御所市

Hitokotonushi 一言主の神
役行者が葛城山で修行の際、鬼人に水汲みや薪拾いをさせていた。吉野の金峰山までの岩橋を掛けさせようとしたが、一言主の神が逆らったので、谷間に縛り付けた。行者が印を結んで橋を掛けようとしたら、嵐の神が邪魔をして法力が弱まり、橋は掛からなかった。当麻の岩橋はそのなごり。

yoojutsu 妖術 and En no Gyoja
役小角は葛城山に岩橋を架けた時、多くの鬼人を使った。また、役小角は葛城上郡茆原村の出身で、狐を使役して妖術で人を誑かした為韓国連広足の進言により伊豆大島に流罪になった。


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沖縄県 Okinawa 那覇市 Naha

キジン
Once there was a brother and a sister. The Brother killed a human being and ate its meat. He also wanted his sister to eat human meat and invited her for lunch.
But she became aware of the ruse, excused herself for the toilet and fled from there. The brother came right after her. He got hold of her but she told him:
"I have two mouths, with the one in my lover body I can eat demons."
The brother was quite surprized, lost his step and fell off the cliff to his death.

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滋賀県　Shiga

Once upon a time King Ashoka (阿育王 Aiku O) from India asked a human demon to throw three stones to lake 琵琶湖 Biwako in Japan.
This is the beginning of an island called 白石島 Shiraishi 白石島 "white stone island".

. Shiga 滋賀県の鬼伝説　Oni Demon Legends .

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静岡県 Shizuoka

住職が難病で苦しんでいた。膿血を吸い出せば楽になるので、小僧に命じて時々吸わせたところ、小僧は肉の味を覚え、鬼人となって近隣の山に住み、往来の人を捕えて喰うようになった。

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- reference : nichibun yokai database 妖怪データベース -

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. - - - Join the Onipedia friends on facebook ! - - - .

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. Onipedia - 鬼ペディア　- Oni Demons - ABC-List - .

. Tengu 天狗と伝説 Tengu legends "Long-nosed Goblin" .

. - yookai, yōkai 妖怪 Yokai monsters - .

. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

. Mingei 民芸　Regional Folk Art from Japan .

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Posted By Gabi Greve to Kappa - The Kappapedia on 3/26/2017 02:09:00 pm

ONI - onigami kishin demon god

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kishin, kijin, onigami 鬼神の伝説　Oni Deity Demon Legends

. Shinto shrine names including　鬼 ONI .
Kishin Jinja 鬼神神社 - Kijinja, Ki Jinja 鬼神社 "Demon Shrine" , Oni Shrine .


鬼神 - Oni- Gami
矢野隆 Yano Takashi

This wild and fearful deity can not be seen or heard by humans.
onigami オニガミ wild, fearful deity

Often the reikon 霊魂 soul of a human being can turn to a
yuuki 幽鬼 Yuki - revengeful demon or monster spirit

. goryoo 御霊 Goryo- vengeful spirits .
To appease their kijin きじん souls, shrines were erected for them.
The most important are
Sudo, Sudoo Tenno 崇道天皇 (? - 785) and his son,
Iyo Shinno 伊予親王.
his mother, Fujiwara Fujin, 藤原婦人
Fujiwara Hirotsugu, 藤原広嗣
Tachibana Hayanari, 橘逸勢
Bunya no Miyata Maro　文室宮田麻呂
Kibi no Makibi 吉備真備
Sugawara Michizane　菅原道真

kijin, when referring to a living human demon, can be written with the Chinese characters: 鬼人

The Buddhist sutra 仁王経 Ninno-Kyo states
『国土乱れん時はまず鬼神乱る。鬼神乱るるがゆえに万民乱る』


- - - - - Proverbs - - - - -
kiseki ni iru 鬼籍に入る to die
(and be registered in the Demon family register for the dead)


. oni no nyooboo ni onigami (kijin) 鬼の女房に鬼神 .

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Dokurojō 髑髏杖 Staff with Human Skull in the hands of Kannon Bosatsu
鬼神を降伏する. Conquers demons and demonic influences.

Symbolizes the impermanence of life.
A simile for people who are free from discriminating thoughts. Ikkyuu Soujun 一休宗純 (1394-1481), the renowned Zen monk (and poet) of Daitokuji Temple 大徳寺 in Kyoto, reportedly wandered about during new year celebrations brandishing a staff surmounted by a human skull in his effort to remind people of their thin grasp on life.
- reference : Mark Schumacher -

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kioo 鬼王 Kio, Ki-O, the Demon King

「福は内、鬼は内」- Fuku wa Uchi, Oni wa Uchi!
- 稲荷鬼王神社 Inari Kio Jinja （新宿区歌舞伎町）Shinjuku, Tokyo
. oni wa uchi 鬼は内 Demons come in! .

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群馬県 Gunma 藤岡市 Fujioka

At the riverpool あいのかま Ainokama in the gorge 鮎川の蛇喰 Jabami valley of the river Ayugawa there lived a wicked 悪鬼王 Demon King, who took human lives for his offerings.
The hero Yamato Takeru came to punish him.



. Yamatotakeru 日本武尊 Prince Yamato Takeru .
legendary prince of the Yamato dynasty

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青森県 Aomori

Mount Iwakisan and the Onigami
鬼神社（きじんじゃ）Ki Jinja, Kijin-Ja at 弘前市鬼沢菖蒲沢地区 Hirosaki-shi, Onizawa

鬼神伝説 - The Kishin legend of Onizawa
There is a legend in Onizawa describing a benevolent Oni, more of a mountain-man than a demon.
As the story goes, the Oni was a friend of a villager 弥十郎 Yajuro, and offered to assist in the construction of a dam to collect water for his rice paddies. He did so under the condition that no-one watched him as he worked. Naturally, the villager's wife breaks the rule by sneaking over to spy on the Oni. The Oni runs away, never to appear again; however, he leaves in such a hurry that he forgets all of his tools. The metal remains of these massive ogre-sized tools — a saw, an ax, a hoe, etc — are now collected and displayed at the Oni shrine in Onizawa.
(Told by Joshua Solomon)
. oniko, oni-ko 津軽の鬼子伝説　Tsugaru Oniko Legends .

Other places related to the Oni in Onizawa
鬼の腰掛け柏
鬼の土俵

The villagers in Onizawa have a fond relationship with this Oni Deity - 鬼が神様なのである.
At Setsubun, they do not throw beans to drive the Oni away.
At the Boy's festival they do not thatch the roof with mugwort and iris to drive the Oni away.

The Oni here might have been some outlaws in hiding or even Koreans in hiding, which Tamuramaro expelled.

. Sakanoue no Tamuramaro 坂上田村麻呂 . - (758 - 811)


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. Shiga 滋賀県の鬼伝説　Oni Demon Legends .


鬼は宝として隠れ蓑、隠れ笠、浮き靴、剣などを有する。
.
Shuten Doji 酒呑童子 サケノミワラシ
摂津守頼光朝臣が勅を受けて酒呑童子を退治した。それに際して住吉で祈願をして神酒を受けて退治に臨んだ。この童子は元は比叡山の稚児で、容貌が美しかったので僧達に愛されていた。人が酔って寝たときにその血を取って酒に入れ飲んでいた為鬼になった。

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京都府 Kyoto

. Kijin : Kurama no oni taiji 鞍馬の鬼退治 .


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岡山県 Okayama

Ura 温羅
垂仁天皇の時代、吉備国で略奪を繰り返す百済の鬼神、温羅を退治するため、イサセリヒコノミコトが派遣された。勢い凄まじい温羅を攻めあぐねたミコトは、神力を現して１度に２本の矢を放ち、温羅の左目を射抜いた。雉や鯉に姿を変えて逃れる温羅を捕らえたミコトは、首を刎ねて曝したが、その首が何年も大声でうなり続けたため、温羅の霊を祀って鎮めた。


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山口県 Yamaguchi 豊浦郡　　豊浦町

ushonigami 牛鬼神
夫がいない間、妻のもとに18・9の若者が毎夜通ってきた。夫が帰ってきたので、妻は夫に告げた。夫が弓矢でやって来た若者を射ると、若者は血を流して逃げていった。翌朝血の跡をたどると、鬼ヶ城の麓で死んでいたので埋めた。その後、村人に災いをなすので、牛鬼神と名づけて祀ったら、祟りはなくなった。]



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- reference : nichibun yokai database 妖怪データベース -
- reference - 日本語 鬼　-
55 to explore (04)


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. Kijin no O-Matsu 鬼神のお松 The female bandit O-Matsu .
"The Evil Omatsu"

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. - - - Join the Onipedia friends on facebook ! - - - .

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. Onipedia - 鬼ペディア　- Oni Demons - ABC-List - .

. Tengu 天狗と伝説 Tengu legends "Long-nosed Goblin" .

. - yookai, yōkai 妖怪 Yokai monsters - .

. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

. Mingei 民芸　Regional Folk Art from Japan .

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Posted By Gabi Greve to Kappa - The Kappapedia on 3/26/2017 01:12:00 pm

WASHOKU salt shio and ukiyoe

https://wkdkigodatabase03.blogspot.jp/2008/01/salted-winter-food.html

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Sea salt making, the right detail for boiling sea water, in the middle with to women carrying sea water in their buckets, and two men stacking up bundled fuel twigs for heating sea water.

Katsushika Hokusai (1760–1849, signed Zen (Previously) Hokusai Manji 前北斎卍)
Poem by Gonchûnagon Sadaie (Fujiwara no Sadaie, Fujiwara no Teika), from the series One Hundred Poems Explained by the Nurse (Hyakunin isshu uba ga etoki) 「百人一首宇波か縁説　権中納言定家」, 1835-36

Poem: Konu hito no Matsuo no ura no yûnagi ni yaku ya moshio no mi mo kogaretsutsu
来ぬひとを　まつほの浦の　夕なぎに　やくやも塩の　みもこかれつゝ

On Matsuo Beach
I wait in the pines at dusk
for one who won't come -
and like the blazing salt mounds,
I too am consumed by fire.

- reference : MFA Boston -


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TENGU - tsuba sword guard

https://darumasan.blogspot.jp/2004/11/menuki-sword-fitting-and-tsuba.html

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Tengu　天狗　the Mountain Goblin


This is probably Yoshitsune Wakamaru Minamoto jumping upside, during sword technics, over crow-tengu Fudo Myoo acessor of Kurama mountain, and waterfall at foot of Kurama temple.
Old Tsuba of MITO style
source : Sylvain Guintard






. Tengupedia - 天狗ペディア　- Tengu ABC-List.

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Kappa 河童　the Water Goblin



source : pinterest



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